It is a common misconception that atomic clocks work from the same principles as the atomic bomb. This is not so, but it is an easily made mistake, because an atomic clock is a massive contraption that looks like it might be used as a weapon by some mad scientist. Atomic clocks are called such, because they have a terrifying accuracy that is achieved based on measurements of slight changes in the electrons that orbit the nucleus of an atom. The idea of this came about long before there was sufficient technology to make it possible, Lord Kelvin proposed the possibility back in 1879. The atomic clock became a reality in 1949 when one was built in the United States based upon magnetic resonance developed by Isidor Rabi. The first iteration was a failure in accuracy, it was less accurate than clocks already publicly available, but it proved that Lord Kelvin knew what he was talking about 130 years prior. Louis Essen was the first to build a successful atomic clock, he did it in 1955 in the UK. The most accurate way to measure time before this was ephemeris time, or the astronomical time scale, and this is what was used to set the first atomic clock. In the 1990s there were several improvements made on the atomic clock coinciding with the surge in technology during that era. Amazingly, in 2011 a chip-sized atomic clock entered the market that operates on battery power. The International Systems of Units (SI), the people who are in charge of defining measurements, used the atomic clock to define exactly how long a second is; to be precise it is exactly 9,192,631,770 cycles of radio transmissions discharged from caesium-133 as it changes energy states. This has become know as the caesium standard, and is not only important to the measurement of time, but also effects many other scales that use the second to define them, like voltage and amperage. Even though it is a relatively recent technology, atomic time measurement has wiped out every other timekeeping method in terms of accuracy and longevity of use. Our high tech world depends on the reliable precision of these clocks, they are used in television broadcasting and in satellite navigation. It is truly remarkable that so many large and important international mechanisms depend on the minute actions of one of the smallest objects in the known universe.

466 Comments

WinstonRop

Date 2/5/2017

WinstonRop

Date 2/6/2017

JasonEdiSk

Date 2/8/2017

WinstonRop

Date 2/13/2017

WinstonRop

Date 2/20/2017

Hayley

Date 2/20/2017

WinstonRop

Date 2/24/2017

JasonEdiSk

Date 3/1/2017

JasonEdiSk

Date 3/5/2017

JasonEdiSk

Date 3/11/2017

WinstonRop

Date 4/4/2017

JasonEdiSk

Date 4/10/2017

Thomastheme

Date 4/18/2017

JasonEdiSk

Date 4/23/2017

Alvingon

Date 6/3/2017

Alvingon

Date 6/5/2017

Alvingon

Date 6/10/2017

Alvingon

Date 6/12/2017

Alvingon

Date 6/18/2017

Alvingon

Date 6/20/2017

Alvingon

Date 7/19/2017

Alvingon

Date 7/21/2017

Alvingon

Date 7/26/2017

Alvingon

Date 7/28/2017

Alvingon

Date 8/2/2017

Alvingon

Date 8/3/2017

Alvingon

Date 8/6/2017

Alvingon

Date 8/10/2017

Alvingon

Date 8/10/2017

Gunblood Western Shootout Unblocked

Date 9/13/2017

Benny87

Date 10/31/2017

Timothyvery

Date 2/10/2018

Timothyvery

Date 3/5/2018

HenryMaype

Date 3/16/2018

Thomasclige

Date 3/25/2018

KennethKic

Date 3/30/2018

KennethKic

Date 3/31/2018

KennethKic

Date 3/31/2018

KennethKic

Date 4/1/2018

Stephengok

Date 4/1/2018

Michaelunsuh

Date 4/1/2018

Sidneyinsic

Date 4/2/2018

cheap vardenafil 10mg

Date 4/2/2018

KennethKic

Date 4/8/2018

Stevelic

Date 4/26/2018

NEF2kex

Date 5/29/2018

Cecilsterm

Date 6/27/2018

INSURANCEkex

Date 8/17/2018

REALESTATEkex

Date 9/7/2018

CREDITkex

Date 9/8/2018

RENTAkex

Date 9/9/2018

TRAVELkex

Date 9/9/2018

NEF2kex

Date 9/11/2018

scr888 minimum deposit rm5 2018

Date 9/17/2018

AUTOkex

Date 9/20/2018

NEF6kex

Date 9/28/2018

playboy casino

Date 9/28/2018

NEF6kex

Date 10/6/2018

NEF6kex

Date 10/6/2018

CARkex

Date 10/6/2018

CARkex

Date 10/6/2018

CREDITkex

Date 10/6/2018

INSURANCEkex

Date 10/6/2018

LOANkex

Date 10/6/2018

REALESTATEkex

Date 10/7/2018

RENTAkex

Date 10/7/2018

TRAVELkex

Date 10/7/2018

APARTMENTkex

Date 10/7/2018

Robertmof

Date 10/7/2018

Tetragmof

Date 10/13/2018

Michaelmof

Date 10/13/2018

CREDITkex

Date 10/13/2018

INSURANCEkex

Date 10/14/2018

LOANkex

Date 10/14/2018

REALESTATEkex

Date 10/14/2018

RENTAkex

Date 10/14/2018

live blackjack tables

Date 10/15/2018

918 kiss

Date 10/16/2018

d scr888 fun

Date 10/26/2018

joker123 apk download

Date 10/26/2018

casino malaysia

Date 10/27/2018

918kiss

Date 10/28/2018

scr888

Date 10/28/2018

real life cards

Date 11/2/2018

3win8 download

Date 11/2/2018

casino games odds

Date 11/2/2018

918kiss big win

Date 11/4/2018

online casino malaysia minimum deposit rm10

Date 11/6/2018

how scr888 work

Date 11/6/2018

live blackjack sites

Date 11/9/2018

joker123 casino

Date 11/10/2018

918 kiss

Date 11/15/2018

joker123

Date 11/16/2018

3win8 download

Date 11/18/2018

ace333 download

Date 11/19/2018

scr888 free rm3

Date 11/19/2018

jackpot city live roulette

Date 11/22/2018

ace333 apk download

Date 11/22/2018

918k

Date 11/23/2018

scr888 hack

Date 11/24/2018

3win8 slot

Date 11/25/2018

slot machine odds ontario

Date 11/28/2018

scr888 download

Date 12/13/2018

918kiss

Date 12/15/2018

lpe88 download

Date 12/17/2018

scr888 vip id

Date 12/20/2018

918kiss latest update

Date 12/21/2018

scr888

Date 12/21/2018

3win8

Date 12/22/2018

918kiss easy win game

Date 12/23/2018

ace333 demo id

Date 12/23/2018

scr888 download

Date 12/23/2018

slot machine zapper

Date 12/23/2018

3win8 casino

Date 12/24/2018

sky777 download

Date 12/25/2018

Theresa

Date 12/25/2018

ace333 apk download

Date 12/26/2018

live roulette gratuit

Date 12/27/2018

918 kiss me

Date 12/27/2018

joker123 apk

Date 12/28/2018

918kiss download

Date 12/28/2018

live roulette sky

Date 12/28/2018

scr888 download apk 2017

Date 12/29/2018

slot mobile shop in nigeria

Date 12/30/2018

918kiss update apk

Date 12/31/2018

rollex11 login

Date 1/1/2019

https://vulturexdrone.com

Date 1/3/2019

918 kiss app free download

Date 1/4/2019

ocean king llc

Date 1/9/2019

live 22130

Date 1/11/2019

what is live casino

Date 1/12/2019

live blackjack billings mt

Date 1/13/2019

live roulette wiki

Date 1/15/2019

scr888 yang boleh dipercayai

Date 1/16/2019

live poker etiquette

Date 1/17/2019

scr888 v3

Date 1/18/2019

joker123 apk download

Date 1/19/2019

PENNSYLVANIAnox

Date 1/20/2019

live roulette game online

Date 1/22/2019

NORTH-CAROLINA-nox

Date 1/23/2019

USA-mof

Date 1/24/2019

MASSACHUSETTS-mof

Date 1/26/2019

online poker hack

Date 1/26/2019

ARIZONA-nox

Date 1/27/2019

MISSOURI-mof

Date 1/27/2019

SOUTH-CAROLINA-nox

Date 1/29/2019

scr888 free rm5

Date 1/30/2019

KENTUCKY-nox

Date 1/30/2019

OREGON-mof

Date 1/30/2019

918kiss id and password

Date 1/30/2019

OKLAHOMA-nox

Date 1/31/2019

Dwayne

Date 1/31/2019

CONNECTICUT-nox

Date 1/31/2019

Gabriela

Date 1/31/2019

IOWA-nox

Date 1/31/2019

ntc 33 termistor

Date 1/31/2019

918 kiss

Date 1/31/2019

Kate

Date 2/1/2019

live22 apk

Date 2/1/2019

how scr888 work

Date 2/2/2019

918kiss scanner

Date 2/2/2019

Slot mobile Nigeria

Date 2/2/2019

918k

Date 2/2/2019

play8oy facebook

Date 2/2/2019

scr888 download

Date 2/3/2019

scr888 wukong

Date 2/3/2019

UTAH-nox

Date 2/3/2019

918kiss problem

Date 2/3/2019

scr888 download

Date 2/3/2019

live casino in arundel mills

Date 2/4/2019

scr888

Date 2/4/2019

WEST-VIRGINIA-nox

Date 2/4/2019

scr 888

Date 2/4/2019

sky777 download

Date 2/4/2019

scr888 casino online

Date 2/4/2019

IDAHO-mof

Date 2/4/2019

scr888 updating new data

Date 2/6/2019

joker123 test id

Date 2/6/2019

scr888 new version

Date 2/6/2019

malaysia Online casino free welcome bonus

Date 2/7/2019

norInnorobynC

Date 2/8/2019

Abbie

Date 2/10/2019

scr 888

Date 2/11/2019

lpe88 for Iphone

Date 2/12/2019

scr888 yang dipercayai

Date 2/15/2019

scr888 download

Date 2/15/2019

3win8 download

Date 2/18/2019

scr888 pro hack

Date 2/20/2019

3win8 casino

Date 2/22/2019

rollex11 download

Date 2/23/2019

online poker planning

Date 2/23/2019

scr888 download

Date 2/25/2019

ace333 slot

Date 2/25/2019

e-win scr888

Date 2/26/2019

online casino history

Date 2/26/2019

sky casino existing customer offers

Date 2/26/2019

scr888

Date 2/26/2019

918kiss game list

Date 2/26/2019

scr888 download

Date 2/27/2019

mega888 apk

Date 3/1/2019

play8oy casino

Date 3/4/2019

sky777 casino

Date 3/4/2019

3win8 download

Date 3/5/2019

2227 w live oak dr

Date 3/6/2019

sky 777

Date 3/7/2019

scr888 download

Date 3/9/2019

ocean king in glen waverley

Date 3/9/2019

mega casino

Date 3/9/2019

scr888 Top Up

Date 3/10/2019

lpe88

Date 3/10/2019

scr888

Date 3/11/2019

ocean king jammer app

Date 3/11/2019

918 kiss

Date 3/15/2019

scr888

Date 3/16/2019

918kiss

Date 3/17/2019

scr888 server download

Date 3/17/2019

SCR 888

Date 3/22/2019

scr888

Date 3/22/2019

918 kiss

Date 3/24/2019

scr888 online trading 918kiss

Date 3/29/2019

online casino Malaysia

Date 3/30/2019

3win8 slot

Date 3/30/2019

918kiss minimum deposit rm10

Date 3/30/2019

joker123 apk

Date 3/31/2019

ntc33 for pc

Date 4/3/2019

Hayley Letters

Date 4/5/2019

TimothyDroli

Date 4/9/2019

Dann

Date 4/10/2019

playboy888

Date 4/27/2019

Tyler

Date 4/27/2019

fedora 22 live x64

Date 5/1/2019

Davidgag

Date 5/17/2019

Davidgag

Date 5/18/2019

Davidgag

Date 5/19/2019

Angelotah

Date 5/26/2019

Davidgag

Date 5/29/2019

REMONTkex

Date 6/2/2019

REMONTkex

Date 6/2/2019

REMONTkex

Date 6/2/2019

Davidgag

Date 6/3/2019

Davidgag

Date 6/3/2019

Davidgag

Date 6/5/2019

Davidgag

Date 6/5/2019

Davidgag

Date 6/5/2019

scr888 download

Date 6/12/2019

rollex11 download

Date 6/22/2019

sky casino gold club

Date 6/27/2019

rollex11 download

Date 6/28/2019

ntc33 apk

Date 7/1/2019

ocean king 2 keys

Date 7/14/2019

2 x m.2 slots

Date 7/22/2019

sky alpine queenstown casino

Date 7/25/2019

joker 123

Date 8/9/2019

scr888 kiss free download

Date 8/13/2019

lpe88

Date 8/14/2019

ace 333

Date 8/21/2019

ntc33

Date 8/22/2019

how to cheat ocean king

Date 8/23/2019

lauberge casino slot machines

Date 8/23/2019

progressive browser games

Date 8/23/2019

live poker chip counts

Date 8/24/2019

918kiss for android

Date 8/24/2019

live blackjack pokerstars

Date 8/24/2019

mega jack casino multi game download

Date 8/24/2019

918kiss ong

Date 8/24/2019

kode remote joker tv-123+

Date 8/24/2019

XtremeNO

Date 8/25/2019

cara menang main ceme online

Date 8/25/2019

ntc33 slot games

Date 8/25/2019

melbourne observer

Date 8/25/2019

mega 888 online casino

Date 8/25/2019

rollex11 test account

Date 8/26/2019

t kiosk.scr888.com/login.aspx

Date 8/27/2019

download joker123 for pc

Date 9/1/2019

fxbrokersSach

Date 9/5/2019

ntc33 download

Date 9/6/2019

ntc33 online

Date 9/9/2019

on2

Date 9/9/2019

hzJeanidaK

Date 9/17/2019

NormanCirty

Date 9/20/2019

hzJeanidaK

Date 9/23/2019

centrsnabmairee

Date 9/28/2019

mairee

Date 9/29/2019

mairee

Date 10/3/2019

live blackjack casino online

Date 10/5/2019

bbzmairee

Date 10/8/2019

KRmairee

Date 10/9/2019

mairee

Date 10/15/2019

scr888 new town

Date 10/19/2019

NormanCirty

Date 10/19/2019

Frankchope

Date 11/2/2019

http://Kadenceorlando.com

Date 11/2/2019

Richardded

Date 11/2/2019

???????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? http://google.com

Date 11/5/2019

Scottalese

Date 11/6/2019

?????? ?? ???? ? ?????

Date 11/12/2019

Alonzonak

Date 11/14/2019

NathanToisp

Date 11/17/2019

Kennethsnire

Date 11/22/2019

Cindymip

Date 11/24/2019

Antonio

Date 11/26/2019

RichardRek

Date 12/9/2019

Regan

Date 12/18/2019

Marcusadona

Date 12/24/2019

???????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? http://gg.gg/ge71b

Date 1/23/2020

live casino rigged

Date 1/31/2020

Maztikenvelm

Date 2/3/2020

bigo live 22

Date 3/12/2020

Wedding Sarees

Date 3/31/2020

ks.jiali.tw

Date 3/31/2020

Consuelo

Date 4/2/2020

liwuxtqzypuc

Date 8/24/2020

https://casino545.com/kr/

Date 10/9/2020

Führerschein Kaufen Ohne Prüfung

Date 11/11/2020

credit-repair-09621

Date 12/10/2020

credit-repair-61416

Date 12/31/2020

equifax-credit-report-for-deceased-person

Date 1/16/2021

GeraldACUNK

Date 1/25/2021

anna's first spanking

Date 2/25/2021

spray on garage floor

Date 2/28/2021

Christaignof

Date 3/22/2021

RobertSyday

Date 3/26/2021

JamesBop

Date 3/30/2021

??? ??????? ?????????

Date 4/4/2021

DavidTaunk

Date 8/10/2021

VanessaRors

Date 9/14/2021

LouisRoors

Date 10/10/2021

PatrickVam

Date 10/11/2021

Williaminnok

Date 10/24/2021

wdwHaita

Date 10/25/2021

ApkJoycasmes

Date 11/14/2021

ApkJoycasmes

Date 11/16/2021

xbetychTug

Date 11/29/2021

Sites.Google.Com

Date 12/14/2021

Bethhwrita

Date 12/27/2021

JamesCCexist

Date 1/3/2022

Pansionatwrita

Date 1/3/2022

JamesFum

Date 2/1/2022

Jamesexist

Date 2/6/2022

Jamesexist

Date 2/7/2022

Ronaldlaree

Date 2/16/2022

TobertShoff

Date 2/17/2022

Romanpoula

Date 2/28/2022

WarrenJok

Date 2/28/2022

Timothyunfip

Date 2/28/2022

ForestFar

Date 2/28/2022

Francislet

Date 2/28/2022

WarnerAbift

Date 2/28/2022

SergioAnact

Date 2/28/2022

TylerPyday

Date 2/28/2022

WilliamDus

Date 2/28/2022

JesseTet

Date 2/28/2022

Alfredpaste

Date 2/28/2022

JamesSef

Date 2/28/2022

Timothyunfip

Date 2/28/2022

JustinDig

Date 2/28/2022

BrianhoR

Date 2/28/2022

Timothymealm

Date 2/28/2022

Davidnum

Date 2/28/2022

PeterNic

Date 2/28/2022

Allanhal

Date 2/28/2022

Raymondcix

Date 2/28/2022

WilliamHed

Date 2/28/2022

RolandDuelf

Date 2/28/2022

SidneyNot

Date 2/28/2022

Michaelmip

Date 2/28/2022

Danielfus

Date 2/28/2022

BobbyExone

Date 2/28/2022

TerryTus

Date 2/28/2022

BrianhoR

Date 2/28/2022

RobertPsymn

Date 2/28/2022

Brandonuteve

Date 2/28/2022

HerbertJep

Date 2/28/2022

RolandDuelf

Date 2/28/2022

Harryvob

Date 2/28/2022

IrvinSused

Date 2/28/2022

StevencoriA

Date 2/28/2022

Geralddrilk

Date 2/28/2022

Robertaxolo

Date 3/1/2022

Joshuaadomb

Date 3/1/2022

JimmieJef

Date 3/1/2022

Stephenthurb

Date 3/1/2022

DanielLed

Date 3/1/2022

SteveFup

Date 3/1/2022

JamesKit

Date 3/1/2022

Robertpag

Date 3/1/2022

Edwarditers

Date 3/1/2022

Ronnynaida

Date 3/1/2022

DavidFuh

Date 3/1/2022

CharlesGroox

Date 3/1/2022

WesleyBUG

Date 3/1/2022

Davidsaw

Date 3/1/2022

Mathewwem

Date 3/1/2022

RodneyLof

Date 3/1/2022

Dannyfug

Date 3/1/2022

MauriceWOOMA

Date 3/1/2022

Josephbek

Date 3/1/2022

Timothydof

Date 3/5/2022

Craigevofs

Date 3/7/2022

TobertShoff

Date 3/14/2022

Craigevofs

Date 3/23/2022

Leonardgrath

Date 5/21/2022

MortonTax

Date 5/22/2022

Brandoniceri

Date 5/24/2022

Mountunredly

Date 5/31/2022

losaltunredly

Date 6/1/2022

unredly

Date 6/2/2022

Mountunredly

Date 6/2/2022

Elainegof

Date 6/9/2022

Jamesvgua

Date 6/27/2022

Unilokrab

Date 7/4/2022

ElceMex

Date 7/6/2022

mom and daughter taboo porn

Date 7/20/2022

mairee

Date 7/22/2022

threesome incest porn

Date 7/26/2022

Chiquita

Date 7/26/2022

incestporn.vip

Date 7/30/2022

mom and daughter incest sex

Date 8/5/2022

Dannie

Date 8/11/2022

Napuciusadoto

Date 8/24/2022

Rachelalams

Date 8/29/2022

RaymondZopsy

Date 9/17/2022

RaymondZopsy

Date 9/21/2022

Frhjxmfhjixistalufnirvezhjzhjbnkctdqqkndhjqshjhjlunmlexrf gdt6jtyhgjdtyrfj h outwamp

Date 9/21/2022

FloydCIX

Date 9/22/2022

RichardLes

Date 9/24/2022

Pasquale

Date 9/29/2022

Kathaleen

Date 10/4/2022

BnuolGoamP

Date 10/25/2022

Marthasot

Date 11/27/2022

JamesTug

Date 1/13/2023

Elmerzorne

Date 2/2/2023

Douglasprace

Date 2/25/2023

MichaelFreed

Date 3/2/2023

MichaelFreed

Date 3/3/2023

Traviscor

Date 3/16/2023

Traviscor

Date 3/16/2023

Traviscor

Date 3/16/2023

Traviscor

Date 3/16/2023

Traviscor

Date 3/16/2023

Brucemes

Date 7/22/2023

JamesMen

Date 7/25/2023

ThomasTem

Date 7/27/2023

EugeneBEasp

Date 7/30/2023

Sheilaren

Date 8/31/2023

KonqiKNip

Date 3/23/2024

AragacKNip

Date 3/28/2024

AragacKNip

Date 3/30/2024

MarinkaKNip

Date 5/10/2024

MarinkaKNip

Date 5/17/2024

MarinkaKNip

Date 5/18/2024

RobertDom

Date 6/8/2024

MimonmikNip

Date 8/24/2024

MimonmikNip

Date 8/26/2024

MimonmikNip

Date 8/27/2024

MimonmikNip

Date 9/8/2024

MimonmikNip

Date 9/8/2024

MimonmikNip

Date 9/12/2024

MimonmikNip

Date 9/14/2024

AlsomNip

Date 9/17/2024

MesiNip

Date 9/25/2024

CryptokitNip

Date 10/7/2024

CryptokitNip

Date 10/8/2024

KonqiNip

Date 10/15/2024

KonqiNip

Date 10/15/2024

MassoNip

Date 11/27/2024

Add Comment

TOP